RotationRx · Drugs · Scores · Protocols · Diagnoses · Specialties

← Diagnosis and Management Guides

Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

Key considerations: Epiglottitis, Foreign body aspiration, Bacterial tracheitis

Cannot miss

  • Epiglottitis
  • Foreign body aspiration
  • Bacterial tracheitis
  • Retropharyngeal abscess

Likely diagnoses

  • Viral croup (parainfluenza)
  • Spasmodic croup
  • URI with stridor

Red flags

  • Severe stridor at rest
  • Cyanosis
  • Altered mental status
  • Drooling (epiglottitis)

Workup

  • history: Barky cough, stridor, preceding URI symptoms, age 6mo-3yr; exam: Inspiratory stridor, barky cough, retractions, assess severity; labs: Generally not needed; imaging: AP neck XR: steeple sign (not required for diagnosis); bedside: Westley croup score

Management

  • immediate: Dexamethasone 0.6mg/kg PO/IM (single dose) — all severities; Racemic epinephrine 0.5mL of 2.25% nebulized for moderate-severe stridor at rest; general: Observe 2-4 hours after racemic epinephrine for rebound; Cool mist (limited evidence but not harmful); Minimize agitation

Disposition

  • admit: Persistent stridor at rest after treatment, multiple epi nebs needed, hypoxia; discharge: After dexamethasone with resolution of stridor at rest, no need for repeat epi; consults: ENT if atypical presentation or concern for alternative diagnosis

Clinical pearls

  • Dexamethasone is effective for ALL croup severities — even mild croup benefits from single dose
  • If symptoms recur after racemic epi, observe in ED — rebound typically within 2 hours

Source and review

  • AAP Croup Guidelines 2018. Last reviewed: 2024-11-01