RotationRx · Drugs · Scores · Protocols · Diagnoses · Specialties

Diagnosis and Management Guides

Clinical diagnosis guides covering urgent differentials, red flags, workup, management, and disposition.

Chest Pain
Key considerations: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), Aortic Dissection, Pulmonary Embolism
Palpitations
Key considerations: Ventricular tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) with pre-excited AF
Syncope
Key considerations: Cardiac arrhythmia (VT, bradycardia, heart block), Aortic stenosis, Pulmonary embolism
Hypertensive Emergency
Key considerations: Hypertensive encephalopathy, Aortic dissection, Acute heart failure / pulmonary edema
Dyspnea
Key considerations: Pulmonary embolism, Tension pneumothorax, Acute heart failure / pulmonary edema
Pulmonary Embolism
Key considerations: Massive PE with hemodynamic collapse, Saddle PE, Right heart failure from PE
Acute Asthma Exacerbation
Key considerations: Status asthmaticus, Anaphylaxis mimicking asthma, Foreign body aspiration
COPD Exacerbation
Key considerations: Pneumothorax, Pulmonary embolism, Acute heart failure
Headache
Key considerations: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), Meningitis / Encephalitis, Intracranial mass / tumor
Stroke / TIA
Key considerations: Large vessel occlusion (LVO), Hemorrhagic stroke (ICH), Basilar artery occlusion
Seizure
Key considerations: Status epilepticus (seizure >5 minutes), Meningitis / Encephalitis, Intracranial hemorrhage
Altered Mental Status
Key considerations: Hypoglycemia, Stroke, Meningitis / Encephalitis
Abdominal Pain
Key considerations: Ruptured AAA, Mesenteric ischemia, Ectopic pregnancy
GI Bleeding
Key considerations: Massive hemorrhage with hemodynamic instability, Variceal bleeding (esophageal varices), Aortoenteric fistula
Nausea and Vomiting
Key considerations: Bowel obstruction, DKA, Acute coronary syndrome (atypical)
Flank Pain / Renal Colic
Key considerations: Ruptured AAA (mimics renal colic), Pyelonephritis with sepsis, Obstructing stone with solitary kidney
Testicular Pain
Key considerations: Testicular torsion, Incarcerated inguinal hernia, Fournier gangrene
Sepsis
Key considerations: Septic shock, Meningococcemia, Necrotizing fasciitis
Head Trauma / Mild TBI
Key considerations: Epidural hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Ankle and Foot Injury
Key considerations: Open fracture, Compartment syndrome (foot), Lisfranc injury
Pediatric Fever
Key considerations: Meningitis, Sepsis / Bacteremia, Urinary Tract Infection (pyelonephritis)
Pediatric Respiratory Distress
Key considerations: Foreign body aspiration, Epiglottitis, Severe croup with impending obstruction
Pediatric Seizure
Key considerations: Status epilepticus, Meningitis / Encephalitis, Intracranial hemorrhage (NAT)
Pediatric Dehydration
Key considerations: Hypovolemic shock, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), Pyloric stenosis
Pediatric Abdominal Pain
Key considerations: Appendicitis, Intussusception, Malrotation with midgut volvulus
Non-Accidental Trauma (Child Abuse)
Key considerations: Abusive head trauma (shaken baby), Occult fractures, Abdominal organ injury from abuse
Pediatric Asthma Exacerbation
Key considerations: Status asthmaticus, Foreign body aspiration mimicking wheeze, Anaphylaxis
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Key considerations: Epiglottitis, Bacterial tracheitis, Retropharyngeal abscess
Pediatric Head Injury
Key considerations: Epidural hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Cerebral contusion or hemorrhage
Pediatric DKA
Key considerations: Cerebral edema (most feared complication), Severe hypokalemia, Cardiac arrhythmia from electrolyte derangement
Bronchiolitis
Key considerations: Respiratory failure requiring escalation, Apnea (especially <2 months or premature infants), Myocarditis mimicking bronchiolitis
Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection
Key considerations: Pyelonephritis (upper UTI), Urosepsis, Renal abscess
Pediatric Rash
Key considerations: Meningococcemia (petechiae/purpura + fever + toxic), Kawasaki disease, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / TEN
Pediatric Limp
Key considerations: Septic arthritis, Osteomyelitis, Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Neonatal Jaundice
Key considerations: Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy), Biliary atresia, Hemolytic disease (Rh/ABO incompatibility, G6PD)
Pediatric Anaphylaxis
Key considerations: Biphasic anaphylaxis (recurrence 1-72 hours later), Refractory anaphylaxis, Anaphylaxis masquerading as asthma or urticaria
Acute Kidney Injury
Key considerations: Post-renal obstruction (bilateral ureteral, bladder outlet), Renal artery thrombosis/dissection, Thrombotic microangiopathy (TTP/HUS)
Hyponatremia
Key considerations: Severe hyponatremia with seizures or coma, Adrenal crisis (acute adrenal insufficiency), Cerebral salt wasting (post-neurosurgery)
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Key considerations: Cardiogenic shock, Acute MI as precipitant, Acute valvular emergency (MR, AR)
Acute Appendicitis
Key considerations: Perforated appendicitis with sepsis, Appendiceal abscess, Appendiceal neoplasm (especially in elderly)
Small Bowel Obstruction
Key considerations: Closed-loop obstruction with strangulation, Volvulus, Internal hernia
Acute Cholecystitis
Key considerations: Gallbladder perforation, Cholangitis (Charcot triad/Reynolds pentad), Emphysematous cholecystitis
Acute Psychosis
Key considerations: Substance-induced psychosis (stimulants, PCP, synthetic cannabinoids), Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Delirium (medical cause masquerading as psychosis)
Alcohol Withdrawal
Key considerations: Delirium tremens (DTs), Withdrawal seizures, Wernicke encephalopathy
Suicidal Ideation
Key considerations: Active plan with intent and means, Recent suicide attempt, Command auditory hallucinations to harm self
Ischemic Stroke
Key considerations: Large vessel occlusion (LVO) amenable to thrombectomy, Posterior circulation stroke (basilar artery), Hemorrhagic stroke mimicking ischemic
Vertigo / Acute Vestibular Syndrome
Key considerations: Posterior circulation stroke (cerebellar/brainstem), Vertebral artery dissection, Cerebellar hemorrhage
Preeclampsia / Eclampsia
Key considerations: Eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome, Placental abruption
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Key considerations: Uterine atony (most common cause — 80%), Retained placenta/products, Uterine rupture
Ectopic Pregnancy
Key considerations: Ruptured ectopic with hemoperitoneum, Heterotopic pregnancy (concurrent IUP + ectopic, especially after IVF)
Hypertension Management
Key considerations: Secondary hypertension (renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma, Cushing, primary aldosteronism, coarctation), Hypertensive emergency with end-organ damage, Resistant hypertension (uncontrolled on 3+ drugs including diuretic)
Type 2 Diabetes Management
Key considerations: DKA or HHS, Undiagnosed Type 1 (autoimmune markers), Hypoglycemia from treatment
Major Depressive Disorder
Key considerations: Suicidal ideation with plan, Bipolar disorder (screen before starting antidepressant), Medical causes: hypothyroidism, B12 deficiency, anemia, malignancy
Asthma Exacerbation
Key considerations: Status asthmaticus, Pneumothorax, Anaphylaxis
Urinary Tract Infection
Key considerations: Pyelonephritis, Urosepsis, Urinary obstruction
COPD Exacerbation
Key considerations: Pneumonia, PE, Pneumothorax
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Key considerations: Pulmonary embolism, Phlegmasia cerulea dolens, Compartment syndrome
Cellulitis
Key considerations: Necrotizing fasciitis, Sepsis, DVT
NSTEMI / Unstable Angina
Key considerations: STEMI evolution, Aortic dissection, Myocarditis
Acute Heart Failure
Key considerations: Cardiogenic shock, Acute MI causing CHF, Valvular emergency
Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Key considerations: Sepsis, Empyema, Lung abscess
Upper GI Bleeding
Key considerations: Variceal hemorrhage, Aortoenteric fistula, Perforated ulcer
Acute Kidney Injury
Key considerations: Obstructive uropathy, Rhabdomyolysis, TTP/HUS
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Key considerations: Sepsis as trigger, MI as trigger, Euglycemic DKA (SGLT2 inhibitors)
Sepsis / Septic Shock
Key considerations: Septic shock, Necrotizing fasciitis, Meningitis
Acute Ischemic Stroke
Key considerations: Large vessel occlusion, Hemorrhagic stroke, Hypoglycemia mimicking stroke
New-Onset Seizure
Key considerations: Status epilepticus, CNS infection, Brain tumor
Migraine Headache
Key considerations: Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Meningitis, Cerebral venous thrombosis
Low Back Pain
Key considerations: Cauda equina syndrome, Spinal epidural abscess, Vertebral fracture
Anaphylaxis
Key considerations: Anaphylactic shock, Angioedema with airway compromise
Thyroid Storm
Key considerations: Thyroid storm (mortality 10-30%), Sepsis mimicking thyroid storm
Bacterial Meningitis
Key considerations: Bacterial meningitis, HSV encephalitis, Brain abscess
Acute Appendicitis
Key considerations: Perforated appendicitis, Appendiceal abscess, Ectopic pregnancy
Hip Fracture
Key considerations: Pathologic fracture, Open fracture, Vascular injury
Atrial Fibrillation
Key considerations: Rapid AFib with hemodynamic instability, WPW with AFib, New AFib from PE, sepsis, or MI
Small Bowel Obstruction
Key considerations: Strangulated/ischemic bowel, Closed-loop obstruction, Perforation
Pulmonary Embolism
Key considerations: Massive PE with shock, Saddle PE, Right heart strain
Hyponatremia
Key considerations: Severe hyponatremia with seizures/AMS, Cerebral edema, Osmotic demyelination from overcorrection
Ectopic Pregnancy
Key considerations: Ruptured ectopic with hemorrhagic shock, Heterotopic pregnancy
Hyperkalemia
Key considerations: Cardiac arrest from hyperkalemia, Pseudo-hyperkalemia (hemolyzed sample)
Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
Key considerations: Epiglottitis, Foreign body aspiration, Bacterial tracheitis
Bronchiolitis
Key considerations: Pertussis, Foreign body, Congenital heart disease
Fever in Young Child
Key considerations: Meningitis, Bacteremia, UTI
Kawasaki Disease
Key considerations: Coronary artery aneurysm, Myocarditis, Macrophage activation syndrome
Suicide Risk Assessment
Key considerations: Active suicidal ideation with plan and means, Recent suicide attempt, Self-harm with medical injury
Panic Attack / Panic Disorder
Key considerations: Myocardial infarction, Pulmonary embolism, Thyrotoxicosis
Preeclampsia
Key considerations: Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, Placental abruption
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Key considerations: Uterine rupture, DIC, Retained placenta
Child Abuse / Non-Accidental Trauma
Key considerations: Abusive head trauma (shaken baby), Internal organ injury, Occult fractures
SLE Flare
Key considerations: Lupus nephritis, Lupus cerebritis, Catastrophic APS
Acute Cholecystitis
Key considerations: Ascending cholangitis, Gallstone pancreatitis, Cholecystoenteric fistula
Acute Pancreatitis
Key considerations: Necrotizing pancreatitis, Infected pancreatic necrosis, Organ failure
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Key considerations: Respiratory failure requiring intubation, Autonomic dysfunction, Spinal cord compression mimicking GBS
Vertigo / Dizziness
Key considerations: Posterior circulation stroke, Cerebellar hemorrhage, Vertebral artery dissection
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Key considerations: STEMI, Aortic dissection with coronary involvement, Myocarditis
Pneumothorax
Key considerations: Tension pneumothorax, Open pneumothorax, Hemopneumothorax
Inguinal Hernia
Key considerations: Incarcerated hernia, Strangulated hernia, Testicular torsion
Adolescent Depression
Key considerations: Active suicidality, Bipolar disorder presenting as depression, Substance abuse
Placental Abruption
Key considerations: Massive abruption with fetal demise, DIC, Hypovolemic shock
Testicular Torsion
Key considerations: Testicular torsion (surgical emergency), Fournier gangrene
Toxic Ingestion (Pediatric)
Key considerations: Lethal in one pill/dose: calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, opioids, sulfonylureas, TCAs, clonidine, Button battery ingestion, Iron toxicity
Chronic Kidney Disease Management
Key considerations: Rapidly progressive GN, Reversible causes of CKD decline, Uremic emergency
Hypertensive Emergency
Key considerations: Aortic dissection, Hypertensive encephalopathy, Eclampsia
Spinal Cord Compression
Key considerations: Metastatic spinal cord compression, Epidural abscess, Cauda equina syndrome
Diabetic Foot Infection
Key considerations: Osteomyelitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Charcot neuroarthropathy
ADHD Evaluation
Key considerations: Learning disability, Anxiety disorder, Hearing/vision impairment
Aortic Dissection
Key considerations: Stanford Type A (ascending) — surgical emergency, Malperfusion syndrome, Cardiac tamponade
Alcohol Withdrawal
Key considerations: Delirium tremens, Withdrawal seizures, Wernicke encephalopathy
Infective Endocarditis
Key considerations: Septic emboli (stroke, splenic/renal infarcts), Valvular destruction, Heart failure
Pediatric Dehydration
Key considerations: Severe dehydration with shock, DKA, Intussusception
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Key considerations: Wernicke encephalopathy (confusion + ophthalmoplegia + ataxia), Korsakoff psychosis (irreversible), Hypoglycemia mimicking presentation
Electrical Injury
Key considerations: Cardiac arrhythmia (can be delayed), Rhabdomyolysis, Internal burns greater than external appearance
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
Key considerations: SMA embolism (most common — atrial fibrillation source), SMA thrombosis, Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI)
SIADH
Key considerations: Cerebral salt wasting (vs SIADH — volume status differentiates), Adrenal insufficiency, Hypothyroidism causing hyponatremia
Infective Endocarditis
Key considerations: Embolic stroke from vegetation, Mycotic aneurysm, Perivalvular abscess
Acute Pancreatitis
Key considerations: Necrotizing pancreatitis, Infected necrosis, Pancreatic abscess
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Key considerations: Intra-abdominal hypertension progressing to ACS, Missed in ICU post-damage control surgery, Multiorgan failure from untreated ACS
Hemorrhagic Shock
Key considerations: Class III-IV shock (>30% blood volume loss), Occult hemorrhage (retroperitoneal, pelvic, thoracic), Coagulopathy of trauma
Surgical Site Infection
Key considerations: Deep space infection vs superficial SSI, Anastomotic leak presenting as SSI, Necrotizing fasciitis masquerading as cellulitis
COPD Stable Management
Key considerations: Lung cancer (shared risk factors), Heart failure masquerading as COPD, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in young patients
Adult Preventive Screening
Key considerations: Missed colorectal cancer screening, Undiagnosed hypertension, Undiagnosed diabetes
Polypharmacy and Medication Reconciliation
Key considerations: Anticholinergic burden causing cognitive impairment, Drug-drug interactions causing toxicity, Inappropriate medications per Beers Criteria in elderly
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
Key considerations: Persistent hyperinsulinism (congenital), Inborn errors of metabolism, Adrenal insufficiency
Pediatric UTI
Key considerations: Pyelonephritis with bacteremia in young infants, Underlying urological abnormality (VUR, posterior urethral valves), Missed diagnosis causing renal scarring
Pediatric DKA
Key considerations: Cerebral edema (0.5-1% of peds DKA — highest risk young children and new-onset), Hypoglycemia from over-aggressive insulin, Hypokalemia causing arrhythmia
Serotonin Syndrome
Key considerations: NMS (differentiate: SS has rapid onset/clonus vs NMS has slow onset/lead-pipe rigidity), Anticholinergic toxicity, Malignant hyperthermia
Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal Spectrum
Key considerations: Subdural hematoma (alcoholics fall and have coagulopathy), Wernicke encephalopathy, Hypoglycemia
First Episode Psychosis Workup
Key considerations: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, Substance-induced psychosis, CNS infection/tumor
Posterior Circulation Stroke
Key considerations: Basilar artery occlusion (locked-in syndrome, high mortality), Cerebellar infarct with edema (obstructive hydrocephalus), Vertebral artery dissection
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Key considerations: Ischemic stroke (do not lower BP aggressively), Hemorrhagic stroke, PRES (posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome)
Syncope Evaluation
Key considerations: Seizure mimicking syncope, Cardiac arrhythmia causing syncope, Vertebrobasilar TIA
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Key considerations: Molar pregnancy (markedly elevated hCG), Multiple gestation, Hyperthyroidism of pregnancy
Placental Abruption
Key considerations: Concealed abruption (no visible bleeding), DIC from massive abruption, Fetal distress and demise
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Key considerations: Ovarian torsion (enlarged stimulated ovaries at higher risk), Ectopic pregnancy in IVF patients, Pulmonary embolism (hypercoagulable state)
Chest Pain Risk Stratification
Key considerations: ACS, Aortic dissection, PE
Hypotension
Key considerations: Tension pneumothorax, Cardiac tamponade, Massive pulmonary embolism
Sickle Cell Crisis
Key considerations: Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) — most common cause of death in sickle cell disease, Stroke — ischemic or hemorrhagic, Splenic sequestration crisis — life-threatening in children